Bmp10 antibodies and related methods

ABSTRACT

In certain aspects, the present invention provides BMP10 propeptides for use in treating a variety of disorders including heart disorders and other disorders associated with unwanted activity of the mature BMP10 polypeptide. The present invention also provides methods of screening compounds that modulate activity of BMP10.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/316,083, filed Dec. 9, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/128,937 filed May 12, 2005, which claims thebenefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/570,779, filed May 12, 2004. The specifications of each of theforegoing applications are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Apr. 6, 2012, is namedPHPH-P03-007Seq.txt and is 19,878 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily contains avariety of growth factors that share common sequence elements andstructural motifs. These proteins are known to exert biological effectson a large variety of cell types in both vertebrates and invertebrates.Many of members of the superfamily perform important functions duringembryonic development in pattern formation and tissue specification andcan influence a variety of differentiation processes, includingadipogenesis, myogenesis, chondrogenesis, cardiogenesis, hematopoiesis,and epithelial cell differentiation. The family is divided into twogeneral branches: the BMP/GDF and the TGF-beta/Activin/BMP10 branches,whose members have diverse, often complementary effects. By manipulatingthe activity of a member of the TGF-beta family, it is often possible tocause significant physiological changes in an organism. For example, thePiedmontese and Belgian Blue cattle breeds carry a loss-of-functionmutation in the GDF-8/myostatin gene that causes a marked increase inmuscle mass. Grobet et al., Nat. Genet. 1997 September; 17(1):71-4.Changes in fat, bone, cartilage, muscle and other tissues may beachieved by agonizing or antagonizing signaling that is mediated by anappropriate TGF-beta family member. Thus, there is a need for agents(e.g., polypeptides) that function as potent regulators of TGF-betasignaling.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain aspects, the present disclosure provides BMP10 propeptides.Such propeptides may be used for the treatment of heart disorders, andparticularly for the treatment of heart disorders that are correlatedwith an undesirable growth and/or proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Forexample various cardiomyopathies and congenital heart diseases may betreated with a BMP10 propeptide. BMP10 propeptides may also be used toantagonize BMP10 generally, in any BMP10 related process. BMP10propeptides may antagonize other members of the BMP family and maytherefore be useful in the treatment of additional disorders. Examplesof BMP10 propeptides include the naturally occurring propeptides ofBMP10, as well as functional variants thereof. Additionally, thedisclosure provides antibodies that bind a mature BMP10 peptide in amanner similar to a BMP10 propeptide. Such antibodies may also be usedto treat heart disorders or other BMP10 related disorders.

In certain aspects, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical preparationsfor treating heart disorders. Such preparations may comprise a BMP10propeptide that binds to a mature BMP10 polypeptide and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Optionally the BMP10 propeptidebinds to a mature BMP10 with a Kd less than 10 micromolar or less than 1micromolar, 100, 10 or 1 nanomolar. Optionally, the BMP10 propeptideinhibits an activity of mature BMP10, such as receptor binding orintracellular signal transduction events triggered by BMP10. A BMP10propeptide for use in such a preparation may be any of those disclosedherein, such as a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:1 or 2 or having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, 97% or 99% identical to an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1or 2. A BMP10 propeptide may include a functional fragment of a naturalBMP10 propeptide, such as one comprising at least 10, 20 or 30 aminoacids of SEQ ID NO:1 or 2. A BMP10 propeptide will generally not containa full-length or functional portion of a mature BMP10 polypeptide, andpreferably a BMP10 propeptide will include no more than 50, 40, 30, 20,10 or 5 amino acids of a mature portion of a BMP10 polypeptide. A BMP10propeptide may include one or more alterations in the amino acidsequence relative to a naturally occurring BMP10 propeptide. Thealteration in the amino acid sequence may, for example, alterglycosylation of the polypeptide when produced in a mammalian, insect orother eukaryotic cell or alter proteolytic cleavage of the polypeptiderelative to the naturally occurring BMP10 polypeptide. A BMP10propeptide may be a fusion protein that has, as one domain, a BMP10propeptide (including any of the various truncations or variationsdescribed herein) and one or more additional domains that provide adesirable property, such as improved pharmacokinetics, easierpurification, targeting to particular tissues, etc. For example, adomain of a fusion protein may enhance one or more of in vivo stability,in vivo half life, uptake/administration, tissue localization ordistribution, formation of protein complexes, multimerization of thefusion protein, and/or purification. A BMP10 propeptide fusion proteinmay include an immunoglobulin Fc domain or a serum albumin. A fusionprotein may include a purification subsequence, such as an epitope tag,a FLAG tag, a polyhistidine sequence, and a GST fusion. Optionally, aBMP10 propeptide includes one or more modified amino acid residuesselected from: a glycosylated amino acid, a PEGylated amino acid, afarnesylated amino acid, an acetylated amino acid, a biotinylated aminoacid, an amino acid conjugated to a lipid moiety, and an amino acidconjugated to an organic derivatizing agent. A pharmaceuticalpreparation may also include one or more additional compounds such as acompound that is used to treat a heart disorder. Examples of compoundsthat are used to treat heart disorders include: beta blockers,anti-hypertensives, cardiotonics, anti-thrombotics, vasodilators,hormone antagonists, endothelin antagonists, calcium channel blockers,phosphodiesterase inhibitors, angiotensin type 2 antagonists andcytokine blockers/inhibitors. Preferably, a pharmaceutical preparationis substantially pyrogen free. Preferably, a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a BMP10 propeptide will not include, as a separate component,an active mature BMP10 protein.

In certain aspects, the disclosure provides packaged pharmaceuticalscomprising a pharmaceutical preparation described herein and labeled foruse in treating a heart disorder. Optionally, the packagedpharmaceutical is labeled for use in treating a cardiomyopathy, such asa dilated cardiomyopathy, a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a restrictivecardiomyopathy or a congenital heart disease. In a preferred embodiment,the packaged pharmaceutical is labeled for use in treating a congenitalheart disease that results in a progressive cardiomyopathy. Examples ofsuch congenital heart disorders include those associated with a dominantnegative Nkx2-5 allele.

In certain aspects, the disclosure provides nucleic acids encoding aBMP10 propeptide that do not encode a complete, translatable matureportion of a BMP10. An isolated polynucleotide may comprise a codingsequence for a BMP10 propeptide, such as described above. An isolatednucleic acid may include a sequence coding for a BMP10 propeptide and asequence that would code for part or all of a mature portion, but for astop codon positioned within the mature portion or positioned betweenthe propeptide and the mature portion. For example, an isolatedpolynucleotide may comprise a full-length BMP10 polynucleotide sequencesuch as SEQ ID NO:7 or 8, or a partially truncated version, saidisolated polynucleotide further comprising a transcription terminationcodon at least three hundred nucleotides before the 3′-terminus orotherwise positioned such that translation of the polynucleotide givesrise to a BMP10 propeptide optionally fused to a truncated maturepeptide portion. Nucleic acids disclosed herein may be operably linkedto a promoter for expression, and the disclosure provides cellstransformed with such recombinant polynucleotides. Preferably the cellis a mammalian cell such as a CHO cell.

In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for making a BMP10propeptide. Such a method may include expressing any of the propeptideencoding nucleic acids disclosed herein in a suitable cell, such as aChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell. Such a method may comprise: a)culturing a cell under conditions suitable for expression of thepropeptide, wherein said cell is transformed with a BMP10 propeptideexpression construct; and b) recovering the propeptide so expressed.Propeptides may be recovered as crude, partially purified or highlypurified fractions using any of the well known techniques for obtainingprotein from cell cultures.

In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for inhibitingcardiomyocyte growth, in vivo or ex vivo. A method for inhibitingcardiomyocyte growth may comprise contacting a cardiomyocyte with aneffective amount of a BMP10 propeptide disclosed herein. Optionally, thecardiomyocyte is a mammalian cardiomyocyte, such as a humancardiomyocyte. Examples of cardiomyocytes include pacemaker cells (e.g.from the sinoatrial node or the atrioventricular node), His bundle (HIS)cells, Purkinje fiber (PUR) cells, atrial working myocytes, andventricular working myocytes.

In certain aspects, a BMP10 polypeptide disclosed herein may be used ina method for treating a subject having a disorder associated withabnormal cell growth and differentiation. A method may compriseadministering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of aBMP10 propeptide.

In certain aspects, the disclosure provides methods for antagonizing aBMP10 activity in a mammal or in a cell, ex vivo or in vivo. A methodmay comprise administering to the mammal or contacting the cell with aBMP10 propeptide. The effect of a BMP10 propeptide on BMP10 signalingmay be monitored by detecting a signal transduction event mediated bymature BMP10. The effect of a BMP10 propeptide on mature BMP10 activitymay also be monitored by detecting the degree of cell proliferation ofBMP10-sensitive cell type. Optionally, a cell to be contacted is amammalian cell, such as a human cell, and preferably a cardiomyocyte ora cardiomyocyte precursor cell.

In certain aspects, the disclosure provides a use of a BMP10 propeptidefor making a medicament for the treatment of a heart disorder. Preferredheart disorders include dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophiccardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy and congenital heartdiseases, particularly those congenital heart diseases that result inprogressive cardiomyopathy or are associated with a mutation in theNkx2-5 gene, particularly dominant negative Nkx2-5 alleles.

In certain aspects, a BMP10 propeptide is expected to have an effect onbone, cartilage and skeletal muscle tissue, either through an effect onBMP10 or through a BMP10 independent effect. Accordingly, a BMP10propeptide may be administered to a subject suffering from a disorderrelated to bone, cartilage or skeletal muscle.

In further aspects, the disclosure provides methods for identifying anagent that may be used for treating a heart disorder. A method maycomprise: a) identifying a test agent that binds a mature BMP10polypeptide competitively with a BMP10 propeptide; and b) evaluating theeffect of the agent on a heart disorder. A test agent may be, forexample, a variant BMP10 propeptide, an antibody, or a small molecule.In further aspects, the disclosure provides methods for identifying anagent that modulates cardiomyocyte proliferation. A method may comprise(a) identifying a test agent that binds a mature portion of BMP10competitively with a BMP10 propeptide; and (b) evaluating the effect ofthe agent on cardiomyocyte proliferation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a human BMP10 propeptide amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1).

FIG. 2 shows a mouse BMP10 propeptide amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2).

FIG. 3 shows a human BMP10 precursor amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3).The signal peptide (residues 1-21) is underlined; the prodomain(residues 22-316) is in bold, also referred to as SEQ ID NO: 1; and themature protein (residues 317-424) is shaded. The potential N-linkedglycosylation sites are boxed.

FIG. 4 shows a mouse BMP10 precursor amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4).The signal peptide (residues 1-21) is underlined; the prodomain(residues 22-312) is in bold, also referred to as SEQ ID NO: 2; and themature protein (residues 313-420) is shaded. The potential N-linkedglycosylation sites are boxed.

FIG. 5 shows a nucleic acid sequence encoding a human BMP10 propeptide,designed as SEQ ID NO: 5.

FIG. 6 shows a nucleic acid sequence encoding a mouse BMP10 propeptide,designed as SEQ ID NO: 6.

FIG. 7 shows a nucleic acid sequence encoding a human BMP10 precursorprotein, designed as SEQ ID NO: 7.

FIG. 8 shows a nucleic acid sequence encoding a mouse BMP10 precursorprotein, designed as SEQ ID NO: 8.

FIG. 9 shows human Fc amino acid sequence. Certain useful mutations areshown in bold.

FIG. 10 shows that mature BMP-10 binds to BMP-10 propeptide. A BiaCore™chip was prepared with immobilized BMP-10 propeptide. The chip wasexposed to conditioned media from cells expressing (upper curve) or notexpressing (lower curve) BMP10. Significant binding activity wasobserved in the conditioned media from cells expressing BMP-10,indicating that BMP-10 propeptide does bind to the mature portion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. Overview

The present invention relates to Bone morphogenetic protein-10 (BMP10)propeptides. As used herein, the term “BMP10 polypeptide” refers to thefamily of bone morphogenetic proteins of the type 10, derived from anyspecies. The term “BMP10 polypeptide” includes any of the naturallyoccurring BMP10 polypeptides as well as polypeptides derived from thesequence of any naturally occurring BMP10 whose mature sequence is atleast about 75% homologous with the sequence of a mature BMP10, andpreferably at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or greater homology.Members of the BMP10 family are generally encoded as a larger precursor,and members of the family share a region of high homology near theC-terminus, corresponding generally to the mature portion. For example,human BMP10 mature peptide shares about 80% amino acid identity withmouse BMP10 in the mature peptide (mature domain).

A naturally occurring BMP10 protein is generally encoded as a largerprecursor that typically contains a signal sequence at its N-terminusfollowed by a dibasic amino acid cleavage site and a propeptide,followed by another dibasic amino acid cleavage site and a maturedomain. Thus a propeptide or prodomain is the portion that is N-terminalto the mature domain and C-terminal to the signal peptide. Optionally, aBMP10 propeptide, after cleavage, reassociates with its mature peptidecovalently or non-covalently, as in the case of insulin, relaxin,inhibin, activin, and TGF-β. The term “BMP10 propeptide” is used torefer to polypeptides comprising any naturally occurring propeptide of aBMP-10 family member as well as any variants thereof (including mutants,fragments and peptidomimetic forms) that retain a useful activity.Examples of useful activities include binding to the mature portion of aBMP10 and acting as an antagonist of an activity of a mature BMP10. Asthe term is used herein, BMP10 propeptides include fragments, functionalvariants, and modified forms (e.g., peptidomimetic forms) of BMP10propeptides. A “BMP10 propeptide” will not include a full-length matureBMP10 domain, although a BMP10 propeptide may include portions of themature domain, particularly portions that are not fully functional. Forexample, a BMP10 propeptide may contain fewer than 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 or5 amino acids of its cognate mature domain. Functional variants of aBMP-10 propeptide may be characterized by, for example, binding tomature BMP-10 protein and/or the ability to competitively inhibit thebinding of BMP-10 to a type II receptor such as ActRIIA.

Examples of BMP10 precursor proteins include human BMP10 and mouseBMP10, whose precursor sequences including signal peptide, propeptide,and mature peptide, are illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively.

Recently, BMP10 proteins are found to regulate cardiac morphogenesis andmyocardial trabecular formation. Neuhaus et al., 1999, Mech. Dev.80:181-184. BMP10 is overexpressed in the heart muscle of humans andmice having a congenital heart disorder caused by a mutation in Nkx2-5,and is implicated as a causative agent in various cardiomyopathies.Pashmforoush et al., 2004, Cell 117:373-386. Others have suggested arole for BMP10 in bone and cartilage development, and other processescharacteristic of the BMP family as a whole. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.5,637,480. Accordingly, a BMP10 propeptide disclosed herein may be usedto treat a variety of disorders, including heart disorders and otherdisorders related to undesirable BMP10 activity or undesirable activityof another member of the BMP10 family which the BMP10 propeptideantagonizes.

The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinarymeanings in the art, within the context of this invention and in thespecific context where each term is used. Certain terms are discussedbelow or elsewhere in the specification, to provide additional guidanceto the practitioner in describing the compositions and methods of theinvention and how to make and use them. The scope or meaning of any useof a term will be apparent from the specific context in which the termis used.

“About” and “approximately” shall generally mean an acceptable degree oferror for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of themeasurements. Typically, exemplary degrees of error are within 20percent (%), preferably within 10%, and more preferably within 5% of agiven value or range of values.

Alternatively, and particularly in biological systems, the terms “about”and “approximately” may mean values that are within an order ofmagnitude, preferably within 5-fold and more preferably within 2-fold ofa given value. Numerical quantities given herein are approximate unlessstated otherwise, meaning that the term “about” or “approximately” canbe inferred when not expressly stated.

The disclosure may refer to the comparison of sequences to each other,including wild-type sequence to one or more mutants/sequence variants.Such comparisons typically comprise alignments of polymer sequences,e.g., using sequence alignment programs and/or algorithms that are wellknown in the art (for example, BLAST, FASTA and MEGALIGN, to name afew). The skilled artisan can readily appreciate that, in suchalignments, where a mutation contains a residue insertion or deletion,the sequence alignment will introduce a “gap” (typically represented bya dash, or “A”) in the polymer sequence not containing the inserted ordeleted residue.

“Homologous,” in all its grammatical forms and spelling variations,refers to the relationship between two proteins that possess a “commonevolutionary origin,” including proteins from superfamilies in the samespecies of organism, as well as homologous proteins from differentspecies of organism. Such proteins (and their encoding nucleic acids)have sequence homology, as reflected by their sequence similarity,whether in terms of percent identity or by the presence of specificresidues or motifs and conserved positions.

The term “sequence similarity,” in all its grammatical forms, refers tothe degree of identity or correspondence between nucleic acid or aminoacid sequences that may or may not share a common evolutionary origin.

However, in common usage and in the instant application, the term“homologous,” when modified with an adverb such as “highly,” may referto sequence similarity and may or may not relate to a commonevolutionary origin.

2. BMP10 Propeptides

In certain aspects, the invention relates to BMP10 propeptides.Preferably, these fragments, functional variants, and modified formshave biological activities that are similar to or the same as theircorresponding wild-type BMP10 propeptides. For example, a BMP10propeptide of the invention may inhibit function of a BMP10 matureprotein, for example, by binding to the BMP10 mature protein.Optionally, a BMP10 propeptide inhibits or decreases growth of cardiactissues and cells. Examples of BMP10 propeptides include a human BMP10propeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1) and a mouse BMP10 propeptide (SEQ ID NO: 2).

In one specific example, human BMP10 cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 7, FIG. 7) encodesa 424-amino acid precursor protein (SEQ ID NO: 3, FIG. 3). Cleavage ofthe human BMP10 precursor protein at a putative polybasic proteolyticcleavage site (residues 313-316 of SEQ ID NO: 3) generates a matureBMP10 protein consisting of 108 amino acids (FIG. 3) and a BMP10propeptide consisting of 295 amino acids (FIGS. 1 and 3; SEQ ID NO: 1).The human BMP10 propeptide contains potential glycosylation sites (FIG.3).

In another specific example, mouse BMP10 cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 8, FIG. 8)encodes a 420-amino acid precursor protein (SEQ ID NO: 4, FIG. 4).Cleavage of the mouse BMP10 precursor protein at a putative polybasicproteolytic cleavage site (residues 309-312 of SEQ ID NO: 4) generates amouse mature BMP10 protein consisting of 108 amino acids and a BMP10propeptide consisting of 291 amino acids (FIGS. 2 and 4; SEQ ID NO: 2).The mouse BMP10 propeptide contains potential glycosylation sites (FIG.4).

In certain embodiments, isolated fragments of the BMP10 propeptides canbe obtained by screening polypeptides recombinantly produced from thecorresponding fragment of the nucleic acid encoding a BMP10 propeptide(e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2). In addition, fragments can be chemicallysynthesized using techniques known in the art such as conventionalMerrifield solid phase f-Moc or t-Boc chemistry. The fragments can beproduced (recombinantly or by chemical synthesis) and tested to identifythose peptidyl fragments that can function, for example, as antagonists(inhibitors) or agonists (activators) of BMP10 activity.

In certain embodiments, a functional variant of the BMP10 propeptideshas an amino acid sequence that is at least 75% identical to an aminoacid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. In certain cases, thefunctional variant has an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. Preferably such variants retain the abilityto bind to BMP10.

In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates makingfunctional variants by modifying the structure of a BMP10 propeptide forsuch purposes as enhancing therapeutic efficacy, or stability (e.g., exvivo shelf life and resistance to proteolytic degradation in vivo). Suchmodified BMP10 propeptides when designed to retain at least one activityof the naturally-occurring form of the BMP10 propeptides, are consideredfunctional equivalents of the naturally-occurring propeptides. ModifiedBMP10 propeptides can also be produced, for instance, by amino acidsubstitution, deletion, or addition. For instance, it is reasonable toexpect that an isolated replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine orvaline, an aspartate with a glutamate, a threonine with a serine, or asimilar replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related aminoacid (e.g., conservative mutations) will not have a major effect on thebiological activity of the resulting molecule. Conservative replacementsare those that take place within a family of amino acids that arerelated in their side chains. Whether a change in the amino acidsequence of a BMP10 propeptide results in a functional homolog can bereadily determined by assessing the ability of the variant propeptide toproduce a response in cells in a fashion similar to the wild-typepropeptide.

In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates makingmutations in the proteolytic cleavage site of the BMP10 sequence to makethe site less susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. Computer analysis(using a commercially available software, e.g., MacVector, Omega,PCGene, Molecular Simulation, Inc.) can be used to identify proteolyticcleavage sites. As will be recognized by one of skill in the art, mostof the described mutations, variants or modifications may be made at thenucleic acid level or, in some cases, by post translational modificationor chemical synthesis. Such techniques are well known in the art.

In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates specificmutations of the BMP10 propeptide sequences so as to alter theglycosylation of the polypeptide. Such mutations may be selected so asto introduce or eliminate one or more glycosylation sites, such asO-linked or N-linked glycosylation sites. Asparagine-linkedglycosylation recognition sites generally comprise a tripeptidesequence, asparagine-X-threonine (where “X” is any amino acid) which isspecifically recognized by appropriate cellular glycosylation enzymes.The alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by,one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of thewild-type BMP10 propeptide (for O-linked glycosylation sites). A varietyof amino acid substitutions or deletions at one or both of the first orthird amino acid positions of a glycosylation recognition site (and/oramino acid deletion at the second position) results in non-glycosylationat the modified tripeptide sequence. Another means of increasing thenumber of carbohydrate moieties on a BMP10 propeptide is by chemical orenzymatic coupling of glycosides to the BMP10 propeptide. Depending onthe coupling mode used, the sugar(s) may be attached to (a) arginine andhistidine; (b) free carboxyl groups; (c) free sulfhydryl groups such asthose of cysteine; (d) free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine,threonine, or hydroxyproline; (e) aromatic residues such as those ofphenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan; or (f) the amide group ofglutamine. These methods are described in WO 87/05330 published Sep. 11,1987, and in Aplin and Wriston (1981) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., pp.259-306, incorporated by reference herein. Removal of one or morecarbohydrate moieties present on a BMP10 propeptide may be accomplishedchemically and/or enzymatically. Chemical deglycosylation may involve,for example, exposure of the BMP10 propeptide to the compoundtrifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or an equivalent compound. This treatmentresults in the cleavage of most or all sugars except the linking sugar(N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine), while leaving the aminoacid sequence intact. Chemical deglycosylation is further described byHakimuddin et al. (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 259:52 and by Edge etal. (1981) Anal. Biochem. 118:131. Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydratemoieties on BMP10 propeptides can be achieved by the use of a variety ofendo- and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al. (1987) Meth.Enzymol. 138:350. The sequence of a propeptide may be adjusted, asappropriate, depending on the type of expression system used, asmammalian, yeast, insect and plant cells may all introduce differingglycosylation patterns that can be affected by the amino acid sequenceof the peptide.

This disclosure further contemplates a method of generating mutants,particularly sets of combinatorial mutants of the BMP10 propeptide, aswell as truncation mutants; pools of combinatorial mutants areespecially useful for identifying functional variant sequences. Thepurpose of screening such combinatorial libraries may be to generate,for example, BMP10 propeptide variants which can act as either agonistsor antagonist, or alternatively, which possess novel activities alltogether. A variety of screening assays are provided below, and suchassays may be used to evaluate variants. For example, a BMP10 propeptidevariant may be screened for ability to bind to a BMP10 maturepolypeptide or for the ability to prevent binding of a BMP10 maturepolypeptide to a cell expressing a BMP10 receptor.

The activity of a BMP10 propeptide or its variants may also be tested ina cell-based or in vivo assay. For example, the effect of a BMP10propeptide variant on proliferative activity in cardiomyocytes may beassessed. As another example, the effect of a BMP10 propeptide varianton gene expression of a cardiogenic factor (e.g., NKX2.5 and MEF2C) maybe assessed. In certain cases, such assays are performed in cells ortissues isolated from the developing heart. This may, as needed, beperformed in the presence of recombinant BMP10, and cells may betransfected so as to produce BMP10, and the subject BMP10 propeptidevariant. Likewise, a BMP10 propeptide may be administered to a mouse orother animal, and cardiac growth may be assessed, for example, bymeasuring the thickening of the innermost layer of the walls (e.g., theformation of myocardial ridges or trabeculae).

Combinatorially-derived variants can be generated which have a selectivepotency relative to a naturally occurring BMP10 propeptide. Such variantproteins, when expressed from recombinant DNA constructs, can be used ingene therapy protocols. Likewise, mutagenesis can give rise to variantswhich have intracellular half-lives dramatically different than thecorresponding wild-type propeptide. For example, the altered protein canbe rendered either more stable or less stable to proteolytic degradationor other cellular process which result in destruction of, or otherwiseinactivation of a native BMP10 propeptide. Such variants, and the geneswhich encode them, can be utilized to alter BMP10 propeptide levels bymodulating the half-life of the propeptide. For instance, a shorthalf-life can give rise to more transient biological effects and, whenpart of an inducible expression system or scheduled dosing regimen, canallow tighter control of recombinant BMP10 propeptide levels in thetreated subject.

In a preferred embodiment, the combinatorial library is produced by wayof a degenerate library of genes encoding a library of polypeptideswhich each include at least a portion of potential BMP10 propeptidesequences. For instance, a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides can beenzymatically ligated into gene sequences such that the degenerate setof potential BMP10 propeptide nucleotide sequences are expressible asindividual polypeptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusionproteins (e.g., for phage display).

There are many ways by which the library of potential homologs can begenerated from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesisof a degenerate gene sequence can be carried out in an automatic DNAsynthesizer, and the synthetic genes then be ligated into an appropriatevector for expression. The synthesis of degenerate oligonucleotides iswell known in the art (see for example, Narang, S A (1983) Tetrahedron39:3; Itakura et al., (1981) Recombinant DNA, Proc. 3rd ClevelandSympos. Macromolecules, ed. AG Walton, Amsterdam: Elsevier pp 273-289;Itakura et al., (1984) Annu Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al., (1984)Science 198:1056; Ike et al., (1983) Nucleic Acid Res. 11:477). Suchtechniques have been employed in the directed evolution of otherproteins (see, for example, Scott et al., (1990) Science 249:386-390;Roberts et al., (1992) PNAS USA 89:2429-2433; Devlin et al., (1990)Science 249: 404-406; Cwirla et al., (1990) PNAS USA 87: 6378-6382; aswell as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409, 5,198,346, and 5,096,815).

Alternatively, other forms of mutagenesis can be utilized to generate acombinatorial library. For example, BMP10 propeptide variants (bothagonist and antagonist forms) can be generated and isolated from alibrary by screening using, for example, alanine scanning mutagenesisand the like (Ruf et al., (1994) Biochemistry 33:1565-1572; Wang et al.,(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:3095-3099; Balint et al., (1993) Gene137:109-118; Grodberg et al., (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 218:597-601;Nagashima et al., (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:2888-2892; Lowman et al.,(1991) Biochemistry 30:10832-10838; and Cunningham et al., (1989)Science 244:1081-1085), by linker scanning mutagenesis (Gustin et al.,(1993) Virology 193:653-660; Brown et al., (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol.12:2644-2652; McKnight et al., (1982) Science 232:316); by saturationmutagenesis (Meyers et al., (1986) Science 232:613); by PCR mutagenesis(Leung et al., (1989) Method Cell Mol Biol 1:11-19); or by randommutagenesis, including chemical mutagenesis, etc. (Miller et al., (1992)A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics, CSHL Press, Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.; and Greener et al., (1994) Strategies in Mol Biol 7:32-34). Linkerscanning mutagenesis, particularly in a combinatorial setting, is anattractive method for identifying truncated (bioactive) forms of BMP10propeptides.

A wide range of techniques are known in the art for screening geneproducts of combinatorial libraries made by point mutations andtruncations, and, for that matter, for screening cDNA libraries for geneproducts having a certain property. Such techniques will be generallyadaptable for rapid screening of the gene libraries generated by thecombinatorial mutagenesis of BMP10 propeptides. The most widely usedtechniques for screening large gene libraries typically comprisescloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors,transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors,and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in whichdetection of a desired activity facilitates relatively easy isolation ofthe vector encoding the gene whose product was detected. Each of theillustrative assays described below are amenable to high through-putanalysis as necessary to screen large numbers of degenerate sequencescreated by combinatorial mutagenesis techniques.

In certain embodiments, the BMP10 propeptides of the present inventioninclude peptidomimetics. As used herein, the term “peptidomimetic”includes chemically modified peptides and peptide-like molecules thatcontain non-naturally occurring amino acids, peptoids, and the like.Peptidomimetics provide various advantages over a peptide, includingenhanced stability when administered to a subject. Methods foridentifying a peptidomimetic are well known in the art and include thescreening of databases that contain libraries of potentialpeptidomimetics. For example, the Cambridge Structural Database containsa collection of greater than 300,000 compounds that have known crystalstructures (Allen et al., Acta Crystallogr. Section B, 35:2331 (1979)).Where no crystal structure of a target molecule is available, astructure can be generated using, for example, the program CONCORD(Rusinko et al., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 29:251 (1989)). Anotherdatabase, the Available Chemicals Directory (Molecular Design Limited,Informations Systems; San Leandro Calif.), contains about 100,000compounds that are commercially available and also can be searched toidentify potential peptidomimetics of the BMP10 propeptides.

To illustrate, by employing scanning mutagenesis to map the amino acidresidues of a BMP10 propeptide which are involved in binding to anotherprotein, peptidomimetic compounds can be generated which mimic thoseresidues involved in binding. For instance, non-hydrolyzable peptideanalogs of such residues can be generated using benzodiazepine (e.g.,see Freidinger et al., in Peptides: Chemistry and Biology, G. R.Marshall ed., ESCOM Publisher: Leiden, Netherlands, 1988), azepine(e.g., see Huffman et al., in Peptides: Chemistry and Biology, G. R.Marshall ed., ESCOM Publisher: Leiden, Netherlands, 1988), substitutedgamma lactam rings (Garvey et al., in Peptides: Chemistry and Biology,G. R. Marshall ed., ESCOM Publisher: Leiden, Netherlands, 1988),keto-methylene pseudopeptides (Ewenson et al., (1986) J. Med. Chem.29:295; and Ewenson et al., in Peptides: Structure and Function(Proceedings of the 9th American Peptide Symposium) Pierce Chemical Co.Rockland, Ill., 1985), b-turn dipeptide cores (Nagai et al., (1985)Tetrahedron Lett 26:647; and Sato et al., (1986) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans1:1231), and b-aminoalcohols (Gordon et al., (1985) Biochem Biophys ResCommun 126:419; and Dann et al., (1986) Biochem Biophys Res Commun134:71).

In certain embodiments, the BMP10 propeptides of the invention mayfurther comprise post-translational modifications in addition to anythat are naturally present in the propeptide. Such modificationsinclude, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, PEGylation,glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation. As a result,the modified BMP10 propeptides may contain non-amino acid elements, suchas polyethylene glycols, lipids, poly- or mono-saccharide, andphosphates. Effects of such non-amino acid elements on the functionalityof a BMP10 propeptide may be tested as described herein for other BMP10propeptide variants. When a BMP10 propeptide is produced in cells bycleaving a nascent form of the BMP10 protein, post-translationalprocessing may also be important for correct folding and/or function ofthe protein. Different cells (such as CHO, HeLa, MDCK, 293, WI38,NIH-3T3 or HEK293) have specific cellular machinery and characteristicmechanisms for such post-translational activities and may be chosen toensure the correct modification and processing of the BMP10 protein intoa BMP10 propeptide.

In certain aspects, functional variants or modified forms of the BMP10propeptides include fusion proteins having at least a portion of theBMP10 propeptides and one or more fusion domains. Well known examples ofsuch fusion domains include, but are not limited to, polyhistidine,Glu-Glu, glutathione S transferase (GST), thioredoxin, protein A,protein G, an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (Fc), maltosebinding protein (MBP), or human serum albumin. A fusion domain may beselected so as to confer a desired property. For example, some fusiondomains are particularly useful for isolation of the fusion proteins byaffinity chromatography. For the purpose of affinity purification,relevant matrices for affinity chromatography, such as glutathione-,amylase-, and nickel- or cobalt-conjugated resins are used. Many of suchmatrices are available in “kit” form, such as the Pharmacia GSTpurification system and the QIAexpress™ system (Qiagen) useful with(HIS₆) fusion partners. As another example, a fusion domain may beselected so as to facilitate detection of the BMP10 propeptide. Examplesof such detection domains include the various fluorescent proteins(e.g., GFP) as well as “epitope tags,” which are usually short peptidesequences for which a specific antibody is available. Well known epitopetags for which specific monoclonal antibodies are readily availableinclude FLAG, influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA), and c-myc tags. Insome cases, the fusion domains have a protease cleavage site, such asfor Factor Xa or Thrombin, which allows the relevant protease topartially digest the fusion proteins and thereby liberate therecombinant proteins therefrom. The liberated proteins can then beisolated from the fusion domain by subsequent chromatographicseparation. In certain preferred embodiments, a BMP10 propeptide isfused with a domain that stabilizes the propeptide in vivo (a“stabilizer” domain). By “stabilizing” is meant anything that increasesserum half life, regardless of whether this is because of decreaseddestruction, decreased clearance by the kidney, or other pharmacokineticeffect. Fusions with the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin are known toconfer desirable pharmacokinetic properties on a wide range of proteins.In addition, Fc fusions tend to dimerize, providing a dimeric BMP-10propeptide. Likewise, fusions to human serum albumin can conferdesirable properties. Other types of fusion domains that may be selectedinclude multimerizing (e.g., dimerizing, tetramerizing) domains andfunctional domains (that confer an additional biological function, suchas further stimulation of muscle growth).

It is understood that different elements of the fusion proteins may bearranged in any manner that is consistent with the desiredfunctionality. For example, a BMP10 propeptide may be placed C-terminalto a heterologous domain, or, alternatively, a heterologous domain maybe placed C-terminal to a BMP10 propeptide. The propeptide domain andthe heterologous domain need not be adjacent in a fusion protein, andadditional domains or amino acid sequences may be included C- orN-terminal to either domain or between the domains.

In certain embodiments, the BMP10 propeptides of the present inventioncontain one or more modifications that are capable of stabilizing theBMP10 propeptides. For example, such modifications enhance the in vitrohalf life of the propeptides, enhance circulatory half life of thepropeptides or reducing proteolytic degradation of the propeptides. Suchstabilizing modifications include, but are not limited to, fusionproteins (including, for example, fusion proteins comprising a BMP10propeptide and a stabilizer domain), modifications of a glycosylationsite (including, for example, addition of a glycosylation site to aBMP10 propeptide), and modifications of carbohydrate moiety (including,for example, removal of carbohydrate moieties from a BMP10 propeptide).In the case of fusion proteins, a BMP10 propeptide is fused to astabilizer domain such as an IgG molecule (e.g., an Fc domain). As usedherein, the term “stabilizer domain” not only refers to a fusion domain(e.g., Fc) as in the case of fusion proteins, but also includesnonproteinaceous modifications such as a carbohydrate moiety, ornonproteinaceous polymer, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG may beaffixed to BMP-10 propeptides in a variety of sizes, ranging from 1000 Dto 50,000 D or more molecular weight polymers and may be branched orunbranched. PEG polymers may be affixed to propeptides in a selective,residue specific manner, particularly when directed against theN-terminal amine or an engineered cysteine. PEG polymers may also beaffixed in a relatively uncontrolled reaction, in which primary aminesand/or sulfhydryl groups may be reacted. The stoichiometry may rangefrom 1:1 (PEG:Propeptide) to 2:1 and higher.

In certain embodiments, the BMP-10 propeptide is fused with animmunoglobulin Fc domain. In a preferred embodiment, the Fc domain is anIgG1 Fc fragment. An IgG1 Fc fragment may include various alterations,including, for example, mutations that reduce binding to Fcγ Receptorand mutations that decreased binding to MHC class I-related Fc-receptor(FcRN). Examples of mutations include mutations in the an Fc portion atpositions 265 (Asp to Ala), 322 (Lys to Ala), and 434 (Asn to Ala). Anexample of an Fc sequence is shown in FIG. 9.

In certain embodiments, a BMP-10 propeptide may be fused or otherwisecomplexed with an agent that antagonizes the Type I receptor bindingfunction of BMP-10. Such an agent may be, for example, an antibody thatbinds the Type I binding site and competes with a cognate Type Ireceptor. An agent may also be, for example, a soluble portion of a TypeI receptor. A Type I receptor may be, for example, any of the activinreceptor like kinases (ALKs), e.g., ALK1-7.

In certain embodiments, the present invention makes available isolatedand/or purified forms of the BMP10 propeptides, which are isolated from,or otherwise substantially free of, other proteins.

In certain embodiments, BMP10 propeptides (unmodified or modified) ofthe invention can be produced by a variety of art-known techniques. Forexample, such BMP10 propeptides can be synthesized using standardprotein chemistry techniques such as those described in Bodansky, M.Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1993) andGrant G. A. (ed.), Synthetic Peptides: A User's Guide, W. H. Freeman andCompany, New York (1992). In addition, automated peptide synthesizersare commercially available (e.g., Advanced ChemTech Model 396;Milligen/Biosearch 9600). Alternatively, the BMP10 propeptides,fragments or variants thereof may be recombinantly produced usingvarious expression systems (e.g., E. coli, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells,COS cells, baculovirus) as is well known in the art (also see below). Ina further embodiment, the modified or unmodified BMP10 propeptides maybe produced by digestion of naturally occurring or recombinantlyproduced BMP10 by using, for example, a protease, e.g., trypsin,thermolysin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, or paired basic amino acid convertingenzyme (PACE). Computer analysis (using a commercially availablesoftware, e.g., MacVector, Omega, PCGene, Molecular Simulation, Inc.)can be used to identify proteolytic cleavage sites. Alternatively, suchBMP10 propeptides may be produced from naturally occurring orrecombinantly produced BMP10 such as standard techniques known in theart, such as by chemical cleavage (e.g., cyanogen bromide,hydroxylamine).

In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates makingmutations in the proteolytic cleavage site of the BMP10 sequence to makethe site less susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. The result is a BMP10polypeptide containing both propeptide and mature portion, which may beuseful as an antagonist of BMP10. More preferably, the mature portion isengineered to include a stop codon, such that the BMP10 propeptide isproduced with some portion of the mature peptide attached. In onespecific embodiment, a mutant may contain one or more point mutations atthe following positions of SEQ ID NO: 3: amino acids 313, 314, 315, and316. In another specific embodiment, such mutant may contain one or morepoint mutations at the following positions of SEQ ID NO: 4: amino acids309, 310, 311 and 312.

3. Nucleic Acids Encoding BMP10 Propeptides

In certain aspects, the invention provides isolated and/or recombinantnucleic acids encoding any of the BMP10 propeptides, includingfunctional variants, disclosed herein. For example, SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6encode BMP10 propeptides. The subject nucleic acids may besingle-stranded or double stranded. Such nucleic acids may be DNA or RNAmolecules. These nucleic acids are may be used, for example, in methodsfor making BMP10 propeptides or as direct therapeutic agents (e.g., in agene therapy approach).

The subject nucleic acids encoding BMP10 propeptides are furtherunderstood to include nucleic acids that are variants of SEQ ID NOs: 5and 6. Variant nucleotide sequences include sequences that differ by oneor more nucleotide substitutions, additions or deletions, such asallelic variants; and will, therefore, include coding sequences thatdiffer from the nucleotide sequence of the coding sequence designated inSEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides isolated or recombinantnucleic acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%,99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6. One of ordinary skill in theart will appreciate that nucleic acid sequences complementary to SEQ IDNO: 5 or 6, and variants of SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6 are also within the scopeof this invention. In further embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences ofthe invention can be isolated, recombinant, and/or fused with aheterologous nucleotide sequence, or in a DNA library.

In other embodiments, nucleic acids of the invention also includenucleotide sequences that hybridize under highly stringent conditions tothe nucleotide sequence designated in SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6, complementsequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6, or fragments thereof. As discussed above,one of ordinary skill in the art will understand readily thatappropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization can bevaried. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand readily thatappropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization can bevaried. For example, one could perform the hybridization at 6.0× sodiumchloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by a wash of2.0×SSC at 50° C. For example, the salt concentration in the wash stepcan be selected from a low stringency of about 2.0×SSC at 50° C. to ahigh stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C. In addition, the temperaturein the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions at roomtemperature, about 22° C., to high stringency conditions at about 65° C.Both temperature and salt may be varied, or temperature or saltconcentration may be held constant while the other variable is changed.In one embodiment, the invention provides nucleic acids which hybridizeunder low stringency conditions of 6×SSC at room temperature followed bya wash at 2×SSC at room temperature.

Isolated nucleic acids which differ from the nucleic acids as set forthin SEQ ID NOs: 5-6 due to degeneracy in the genetic code are also withinthe scope of the invention. For example, a number of amino acids aredesignated by more than one triplet. Codons that specify the same aminoacid, or synonyms (for example, CAU and CAC are synonyms for histidine)may result in “silent” mutations which do not affect the amino acidsequence of the protein. However, it is expected that DNA sequencepolymorphisms that do lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of thesubject proteins will exist among mammalian cells. One skilled in theart will appreciate that these variations in one or more nucleotides (upto about 3-5% of the nucleotides) of the nucleic acids encoding aparticular protein may exist among individuals of a given species due tonatural allelic variation. Any and all such nucleotide variations andresulting amino acid polymorphisms are within the scope of thisinvention.

In certain embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acids of the inventionmay be operably linked to one or more regulatory nucleotide sequences inan expression construct. Regulatory nucleotide sequences will generallybe appropriate to the host cell used for expression. Numerous types ofappropriate expression vectors and suitable regulatory sequences areknown in the art for a variety of host cells. Typically, said one ormore regulatory nucleotide sequences may include, but are not limitedto, promoter sequences, leader or signal sequences, ribosomal bindingsites, transcriptional start and termination sequences, translationalstart and termination sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences.Constitutive or inducible promoters as known in the art are contemplatedby the invention. The promoters may be either naturally occurringpromoters, or hybrid promoters that combine elements of more than onepromoter. An expression construct may be present in a cell on anepisome, such as a plasmid, or the expression construct may be insertedin a chromosome. In a preferred embodiment, the expression vectorcontains a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformedhost cells. Selectable marker genes are well known in the art and willvary with the host cell used.

In certain aspects of the invention, the subject nucleic acid isprovided in an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequenceencoding a BMP10 propeptide and operably linked to at least oneregulatory sequence. Regulatory sequences are art-recognized and areselected to direct expression of the BMP10 propeptide. Accordingly, theterm regulatory sequence includes promoters, enhancers, and otherexpression control elements. Exemplary regulatory sequences aredescribed in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology,Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). For instance, any of a widevariety of expression control sequences that control the expression of aDNA sequence when operatively linked to it may be used in these vectorsto express DNA sequences encoding a BMP10 propeptide. Such usefulexpression control sequences, include, for example, the early and latepromoters of SV40, tet promoter, adenovirus or cytomegalovirus immediateearly promoter, RSV promoters, the lac system, the trp system, the TACor TRC system, T7 promoter whose expression is directed by T7 RNApolymerase, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, thecontrol regions for fd coat protein, the promoter for 3-phosphoglyceratekinase or other glycolytic enzymes, the promoters of acid phosphatase,e.g., Pho5, the promoters of the yeast α-mating factors, the polyhedronpromoter of the baculovirus system and other sequences known to controlthe expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or theirviruses, and various combinations thereof. It should be understood thatthe design of the expression vector may depend on such factors as thechoice of the host cell to be transformed and/or the type of proteindesired to be expressed. Moreover, the vector's copy number, the abilityto control that copy number and the expression of any other proteinencoded by the vector, such as antibiotic markers, should also beconsidered.

A recombinant nucleic acid of the invention can be produced by ligatingthe cloned gene, or a portion thereof, into a vector suitable forexpression in either prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (yeast, avian,insect or mammalian), or both. Expression vehicles for production of arecombinant BMP10 propeptides include plasmids and other vectors. Forinstance, suitable vectors include plasmids of the types: pBR322-derivedplasmids, pEMBL-derived plasmids, pEX-derived plasmids, pBTac-derivedplasmids and pUC-derived plasmids for expression in prokaryotic cells,such as E. coli.

Some mammalian expression vectors contain both prokaryotic sequences tofacilitate the propagation of the vector in bacteria, and one or moreeukaryotic transcription units that are expressed in eukaryotic cells.The pcDNAI/amp, pcDNAI/neo, pRc/CMV, pSV2gpt, pSV2neo, pSV2-dhfr, pTk2,pRSVneo, pMSG, pSVT7, pko-neo and pHyg derived vectors are examples ofmammalian expression vectors suitable for transfection of eukaryoticcells. Some of these vectors are modified with sequences from bacterialplasmids, such as pBR322, to facilitate replication and drug resistanceselection in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Alternatively,derivatives of viruses such as the bovine papilloma virus (BPV-1), orEpstein-Barr virus (pHEBo, pREP-derived and p205) can be used fortransient expression of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Examples of otherviral (including retroviral) expression systems can be found below inthe description of gene therapy delivery systems. The various methodsemployed in the preparation of the plasmids and in transformation ofhost organisms are well known in the art. For other suitable expressionsystems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as generalrecombinant procedures, see Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2ndEd., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, 1989) Chapters 16 and 17. In some instances, it may bedesirable to express the recombinant polypeptide by the use of abaculovirus expression system. Examples of such baculovirus expressionsystems include pVL-derived vectors (such as pVL1392, pVL1393 andpVL941), pAcUW-derived vectors (such as pAcUW1), and pBlueBac-derivedvectors (such as the β-gal containing pBlueBac III).

In a preferred embodiment, a vector will be designed for production of asubject BMP10 propeptide in CHO cells, such as a Pcmv-Script vector(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), pcDNA4 vectors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,Calif.) and pCI-neo vectors (Promega, Madison, Wis.). As will beapparent, the subject gene constructs can be used to cause expression ofthe subject BMP10 propeptide in cells propagated in culture, e.g., toproduce proteins, including fusion proteins or variant proteins, forpurification.

This invention also pertains to a host cell transfected with arecombinant gene including a coding sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6)for one or more of the subject BMP10 propeptides. The host cell may beany prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, a BMP10 propeptide ofthe invention may be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli,insect cells (e.g., using a baculovirus expression system), yeast, ormammalian cells. Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled inthe art.

Accordingly, the present invention further pertains to methods ofproducing the subject BMP10 propeptides. For example, a host celltransfected with an expression vector encoding a BMP10 propeptide can becultured under appropriate conditions to allow expression of the BMP10propeptide to occur. The BMP10 propeptide may be secreted and isolatedfrom a mixture of cells and medium containing the propeptide.Alternatively, the propeptide may be retained cytoplasmically or in amembrane fraction and the cells harvested, lysed and the proteinisolated. A cell culture includes host cells, media and otherbyproducts. Suitable media for cell culture are well known in the art.The propeptide can be isolated from cell culture medium, host cells, orboth using techniques known in the art for purifying proteins, includingion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography,ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, and immunoaffinity purification withantibodies specific for particular epitopes of the propeptide. In apreferred embodiment, the BMP10 propeptide is a fusion proteincontaining a domain which facilitates its purification.

In another embodiment, a fusion gene coding for a purification leadersequence, such as a poly-(His)/enterokinase cleavage site sequence atthe N-terminus of the desired portion of the recombinant BMP10propeptide, can allow purification of the expressed fusion protein byaffinity chromatography using a Ni²⁺ metal resin. The purificationleader sequence can then be subsequently removed by treatment withenterokinase to provide the purified BMP10 propeptide (e.g., see Hochuliet al., (1987) J. Chromatography 411:177; and Janknecht et al., PNAS USA88:8972).

Techniques for making fusion genes are well known. Essentially, thejoining of various DNA fragments coding for different polypeptidesequences is performed in accordance with conventional techniques,employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restrictionenzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in ofcohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoidundesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, thefusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques includingautomated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of genefragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise tocomplementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which cansubsequently be annealed to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, forexample, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, eds. Ausubel et al.,John Wiley & Sons: 1992).

4. Antibodies

Another aspect of the invention pertains to antibodies. An antibody thatis specifically reactive with a mature BMP10 polypeptide and which bindscompetitively with the BMP10 propeptide may be used as an antagonist ofBMP10 activity. For example, by using immunogens derived from a BMP10mature peptide, anti-protein/anti-peptide antisera or monoclonalantibodies can be made by standard protocols (see, for example,Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual ed. by Harlow and Lane (Cold SpringHarbor Press: 1988)). A mammal, such as a mouse, a hamster or rabbit canbe immunized with an immunogenic form of the BMP10 peptide, an antigenicfragment which is capable of eliciting an antibody response, or a fusionprotein. In a preferred embodiment, the inoculated mouse does notexpress endogenous BMP10, thus facilitating the isolation of antibodiesthat would otherwise be eliminated as anti-self antibodies. Techniquesfor conferring immunogenicity on a protein or peptide includeconjugation to carriers or other techniques well known in the art. Animmunogenic portion of a BMP10 peptide can be administered in thepresence of adjuvant. The progress of immunization can be monitored bydetection of antibody titers in plasma or serum. Standard ELISA or otherimmunoassays can be used with the immunogen as antigen to assess thelevels of antibodies.

Following immunization of an animal with an antigenic preparation of aBMP10, antisera can be obtained and, if desired, polyclonal antibodiescan be isolated from the serum. To produce monoclonal antibodies,antibody-producing cells (lymphocytes) can be harvested from animmunized animal and fused by standard somatic cell fusion procedureswith immortalizing cells such as myeloma cells to yield hybridoma cells.Such techniques are well known in the art, and include, for example, thehybridoma technique (originally developed by Kohler and Milstein, (1975)Nature, 256: 495-497), the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbar etal., (1983) Immunology Today, 4: 72), and the EBV-hybridoma technique toproduce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al., (1985) MonoclonalAntibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 77-96). Hybridomacells can be screened immunochemically for production of antibodiesspecifically reactive with BMP10 and monoclonal antibodies isolated froma culture comprising such hybridoma cells.

The term “antibody” as used herein is intended to include fragmentsthereof which are also specifically reactive with a subject BMP10peptide. Antibodies can be fragmented using conventional techniques andthe fragments screened for utility in the same manner as described abovefor whole antibodies. For example, F(ab)₂ fragments can be generated bytreating antibody with pepsin. The resulting F(ab)₂ fragment can betreated to reduce disulfide bridges to produce Fab fragments. Theantibody of the present invention is further intended to includebispecific, single-chain, and chimeric and humanized molecules havingaffinity for a BMP10 peptide conferred by at least one CDR region of theantibody. In preferred embodiments, the antibody further comprises alabel attached thereto and able to be detected (e.g., the label can be aradioisotope, fluorescent compound, enzyme or enzyme co-factor).

In certain preferred embodiments, an antibody of the invention is amonoclonal antibody, and in certain embodiments, the invention makesavailable methods for generating novel antibodies. For example, a methodfor generating a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to a BMP10peptide may comprise administering to a mouse an amount of animmunogenic composition comprising the BMP10 propeptide effective tostimulate a detectable immune response, obtaining antibody-producingcells (e.g., cells from the spleen) from the mouse and fusing theantibody-producing cells with myeloma cells to obtain antibody-producinghybridomas, and testing the antibody-producing hybridomas to identify ahybridoma that produces a monocolonal antibody that binds specificallyto the BMP10 peptide. Once obtained, a hybridoma can be propagated in acell culture, optionally in culture conditions where thehybridoma-derived cells produce the monoclonal antibody that bindsspecifically to the BMP10 peptide. The monoclonal antibody may bepurified from the cell culture.

The adjective “specifically reactive with” as used in reference to anantibody is intended to mean, as is generally understood in the art,that the antibody is sufficiently selective between the antigen ofinterest (e.g., a BMP10 peptide) and other antigens that are not ofinterest that the antibody is useful for, at minimum, detecting thepresence of the antigen of interest in a particular type of biologicalsample. In certain methods employing the antibody, such as therapeuticapplications, a higher degree of specificity in binding may bedesirable. Monoclonal antibodies generally have a greater tendency (ascompared to polyclonal antibodies) to discriminate effectively betweenthe desired antigens and cross-reacting polypeptides. One characteristicthat influences the specificity of an antibody:antigen interaction isthe affinity of the antibody for the antigen. Although the desiredspecificity may be reached with a range of different affinities,generally preferred antibodies will have an affinity (a dissociationconstant) of about 10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁸, 10⁻⁹ or less.

In addition, the techniques used to screen antibodies in order toidentify a desirable antibody may influence the properties of theantibody obtained. For example, if an antibody is to be used for bindingan antigen in solution, it may be desirable to test solution binding. Avariety of different techniques are available for testing interactionbetween antibodies and antigens to identify particularly desirableantibodies. Such techniques include ELISAs, surface plasmon resonancebinding assays (e.g., the Biacore binding assay, Bia-core AB, Uppsala,Sweden), sandwich assays (e.g., the paramagnetic bead system of IGENInternational, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.), western blots,immunoprecipitation assays, and immunohistochemistry.

In certain aspects, the disclosure provides antibodies that bind to aBMP10 propeptide. Such antibodies may be generated much as describedabove, using a propeptide or fragment thereof as an antigen. Antibodiesof this type can be used, e.g., to detect BMP10 propeptides inbiological samples and/or to monitor BMP10 propeptide levels in anindividual. The level of BMP10 propeptides maybe measured in a varietyof sample types such as, for example, in cells, and/or in bodily fluid,such as in whole blood samples, blood serum, blood plasma and urine. Incertain cases, an antibody that specifically binds to a BMP10 propeptidecan be used to stimulate activity of BMP10, thereby increasing growth ofcardiac tissues or cells.

5. Screening Assays

In certain aspects, the present invention relates to the use of thesubject BMP10 propeptides to identify compounds (agents) which areagonist or antagonists of the BMP10 propeptides. Compounds identifiedthrough this screening can be tested in cardiac tissues, as well asother tissues (e.g., bone, cartilage, muscle and/or neurons), to assesstheir ability to modulate tissue growth in vitro. Optionally, thesecompounds can further be tested in animal models to assess their abilityto modulate tissue growth in vivo.

There are numerous approaches to screening for therapeutic agents formodulating tissue growth (e.g., cardiac tissues) by targeting the BMP10propeptides. In certain embodiments, high-throughput screening ofcompounds can be carried out to identify agents that perturb BMP10propeptide-mediated effects on cardiac tissue growth, such as whichaffect activity of BMP10. In certain embodiments, the assay is carriedout to screen and identify compounds that specifically inhibit or reducebinding of a BMP10 propeptide to its binding partner (e.g., a maturepeptide of BMP10). Alternatively, the assay can be used to identifycompounds that enhance binding of a BMP10 propeptide to its bindingprotein (e.g., a mature peptide of BMP10). In a further embodiment, thecompounds can be identified by their ability to interact with a BMP10propeptide.

A variety of assay formats will suffice and, in light of the presentdisclosure, those not expressly described herein will nevertheless becomprehended by one of ordinary skill in the art. As described herein,the test compounds (agents) of the invention may be created by anycombinatorial chemical method. Alternatively, the subject compounds maybe naturally occurring biomolecules synthesized in vivo or in vitro.Compounds (agents) to be tested for their ability to act as modulatorsof cardiac tissue growth can be produced, for example, by bacteria,yeast, plants or other organisms (e.g., natural products), producedchemically (e.g., small molecules, including peptidomimetics), orproduced recombinantly. Test compounds contemplated by the presentinvention include non-peptidyl organic molecules, peptides,polypeptides, peptidomimetics, sugars, hormones, and nucleic acidmolecules. In a specific embodiment, the test agent is a small organicmolecule having a molecular weight of less than about 2,000 daltons.

The test compounds of the invention can be provided as single, discreteentities, or provided in libraries of greater complexity, such as madeby combinatorial chemistry. These libraries can comprise, for example,alcohols, alkyl halides, amines, amides, esters, aldehydes, ethers andother classes of organic compounds. Presentation of test compounds tothe test system can be in either an isolated form or as mixtures ofcompounds, especially in initial screening steps. Optionally, thecompounds may be optionally derivatized with other compounds and havederivatizing groups that facilitate isolation of the compounds.Non-limiting examples of derivatizing groups include biotin,fluorescein, digoxygenin, green fluorescent protein, isotopes,polyhistidine, magnetic beads, glutathione S transferase (GST),photoactivatible crosslinkers or any combinations thereof.

In many drug screening programs which test libraries of compounds andnatural extracts, high throughput assays are desirable in order tomaximize the number of compounds surveyed in a given period of time.Assays which are performed in cell-free systems, such as may be derivedwith purified or semi-purified proteins, are often preferred as“primary” screens in that they can be generated to permit rapiddevelopment and relatively easy detection of an alteration in amolecular target which is mediated by a test compound. Moreover, theeffects of cellular toxicity or bioavailability of the test compound canbe generally ignored in the in vitro system, the assay instead beingfocused primarily on the effect of the drug on the molecular target asmay be manifest in an alteration of binding affinity between a BMP10propeptide and its binding protein (e.g., a BMP10 mature peptide).

Merely to illustrate, in an exemplary screening assay of the presentinvention, the compound of interest is contacted with an isolated andpurified BMP10 propeptide which is capable of binding to a BMP10 maturepeptide, as appropriate for the intention of the assay. To the mixtureof the compound and BMP10 propeptide is then added a compositioncontaining a BMP10 mature peptide. Detection and quantification of BMP10propeptide complexes provides a means for determining the compound'sefficacy at inhibiting (or potentiating) complex formation between theBMP10 propeptide and its binding protein. The efficacy of the compoundcan be assessed by generating dose response curves from data obtainedusing various concentrations of the test compound. Moreover, a controlassay can also be performed to provide a baseline for comparison. Forexample, in a control assay, isolated and purified BMP10 mature peptideis added to a composition containing the BMP10 propeptide, and theformation of BMP10 propeptide/mature peptide complex is quantitated inthe absence of the test compound. It will be understood that, ingeneral, the order in which the reactants may be admixed can be varied,and can be admixed simultaneously. Moreover, in place of purifiedproteins, cellular extracts and lysates may be used to render a suitablecell-free assay system.

Complex formation between the BMP10 propeptide and its binding proteinmay be detected by a variety of techniques. For instance, modulation ofthe formation of complexes can be quantitated using, for example,detectably labeled proteins such as radiolabelled (e.g., ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁴Cor ³H), fluorescently labeled (e.g., FITC), or enzymatically labeledBMP10 propeptide or its binding protein, by immunoassay, or bychromatographic detection.

In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates the use offluorescence polarization assays and fluorescence resonance energytransfer (FRET) assays in measuring, either directly or indirectly, thedegree of interaction between a BMP10 propeptide and its bindingprotein. Further, other modes of detection such as those based onoptical waveguides (PCT Publication WO 96/26432 and U.S. Pat. No.5,677,196), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface charge sensors, andsurface force sensors are compatible with many embodiments of theinvention.

Moreover, the present invention contemplates the use of an interactiontrap assay, also known as the “two hybrid assay,” for identifying agentsthat disrupt or potentiate interaction between a BMP10 propeptide andits binding protein. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317; Zervos etal. (1993) Cell 72:223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J Biol Chem268:12046-12054; Bartel et al. (1993) Biotechniques 14:920-924; andIwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene 8:1693-1696). In a specific embodiment,the present invention contemplates the use of reverse two hybrid systemsto identify compounds (e.g., small molecules or peptides) thatdissociate interactions between a BMP10 propeptide and its bindingprotein. See for example, Vidal and Legrain, (1999) Nucleic Acids Res27:919-29; Vidal and Legrain, (1999) Trends Biotechnol 17:374-81; andU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,525,490; 5,955,280; 5,965,368.

In one specific example, interaction between a BMP10 propeptide and aBMP10 mature peptide can be assayed by making a construct whichexpresses a FLAG-tagged BMP10 precursor protein. The FLAG-taggedprecursor protein is expressed in cells and processed into a BMP10propeptide and a FLAG-tagged mature peptide. The protein lysatesprepared from the cells are then affinity-purified by antibodies againstFLAG. Complexes containing a BMP10 propeptide and a BMP10 mature peptidecan be determined by the presence of a BMP10 propeptide in theseaffinity-purified protein samples (e.g., by immunoblot).

In certain embodiments, the subject compounds are identified by theirability to interact with a BMP10 propeptide of the invention. Theinteraction between the compound and the BMP10 propeptide may becovalent or non-covalent. For example, such interaction can beidentified at the protein level using in vitro biochemical methods,including photo-crosslinking, radiolabeled ligand binding, and affinitychromatography (Jakoby W B et al., 1974, Methods in Enzymology 46: 1).In certain cases, the compounds may be screened in a mechanism basedassay, such as an assay to detect compounds which bind to a BMP10propeptide. This may include a solid phase or fluid phase binding event.Alternatively, the gene encoding a BMP10 propeptide can be transfectedwith a reporter system (e.g., β-galactosidase, luciferase, or greenfluorescent protein) into a cell and screened against the librarypreferably by a high throughput screening or with individual members ofthe library. Other mechanism based binding assays may be used, forexample, binding assays which detect changes in free energy. Bindingassays can be performed with the target fixed to a well, bead or chip orcaptured by an immobilized antibody or resolved by capillaryelectrophoresis. The bound compounds may be detected usually usingcolorimetric or fluorescence or surface plasmon resonance.

In certain aspects, the present invention provides methods and agentsfor inhibiting growth or proliferation of cardiac tissues and/or cells.Therefore, any compound identified can be tested in whole cells ortissues, in vitro or in vivo, to confirm their ability to modulategrowth of cardiac tissues or cells. Various methods known in the art canbe utilized for this purpose. See, for example, Teichmann et al., 2004,Dev Genes Evol, 214:96-8; Pashmforoush et al., 2004, Cell, 117:373-386;Chen et al., 2004, Development, 131:2219-31. Also see U.S. PatentPublication No. 2003/0144176.

In one embodiment, the activity of a BMP10 propeptide or its variantsmay be tested in a cell-based assay. As an example, the effect of aBMP10 propeptide or its variants on proliferative activity incardiomyocytes may be assessed. As another example, the effect of aBMP10 propeptide variant on gene expression of some cardiogenic factors(e.g., NKX2.5 and MEF2C) may be assessed. In certain cases, such assaysare performed in cells or tissues isolated from the developing heart.This may, as needed, be performed in the presence of recombinant BMP10,and cells may be transfected so as to produce BMP10, and the subjectBMP10 propeptide variant. In another embodiment, a BMP10 propeptide orits variants may be administered to a mouse or other animal, and cardiacgrowth may be assessed in vivo, for example, by measuring the thickeningof the innermost layer of the walls (e.g., the formation of myocardialridges or trabeculae).

It is understood that the screening assays of the present inventionapply to not only the subject BMP10 propeptides and variants of theBMP10 propeptides, but also any test compounds including agonists andantagonist of the BMP10 propeptides. Further, these screening assays areuseful for drug target verification and quality control purposes.

6. Exemplary Therapeutic Uses

In certain embodiments, compositions (e.g., BMP10 propeptides) of thepresent invention can be used for treating or preventing a disease orcondition that is associated with abnormal activity of BMP10. Thesediseases, disorders, or conditions are generally referred to herein as“BMP10-associated conditions.” In certain embodiments, the presentinvention provides methods of treating or preventing an individual inneed thereof through administering to the individual a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a BMP10 propeptide as described above. These methodsare particularly aimed at therapeutic and prophylactic treatments ofanimals, and more particularly, humans.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides methods for treatingor preventing heart disorders in a subject. Such methods compriseadministering to the subject an effective amount of a BMP10 propeptide.Exemplary heart disorders include, but are not limited to,cardiomyopathy (e.g., cardiac hypertrophy), congenital heart disease,heart failure, myocardial infarction, and any kind of cardiacdysfunction. In certain cases, heart disorders in the methods areassociated with an abnormal proliferation activity of cardiomyocytes.

As described herein, a “cardiomyocyte” is a cell of the cardiac musclethat is striated like skeletal muscle, having microscopically visiblemyofilaments arranged in parallel with the sarcomere. Cardiac muscle cangenerate its own excitatory impulses from the sino-atrial node, whichacts like a biological pacemaker. In this manner, the contracting signalfor cardiac muscles originates in the heart itself. However, theautonomic nervous system can exert control over how fast the signalsform and propagate through the heart, which regulates the rate ofmyocardial contraction.

Cardiomyopathy refers to any disease or dysfunction of the myocardium(heart muscle) in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickenedand/or stiffened, for example, cardiac hypertrophy. As a result, theheart muscle's ability to pump blood is usually weakened. The disease ordisorder can be, for example, inflammatory, metabolic, toxic,infiltrative, fibroplastic, hematological, genetic, or unknown inorigin. There are two general types of cardiomyopathies: ischemic(resulting from a lack of oxygen) and non-ischemic. Ischemiccardiomyopathy is a chronic disorder caused by coronary artery disease—adisease in which there is atherosclerotic narrowing or occlusion of thecoronary arteries on the surface of the heart. Coronary artery diseaseoften leads to episodes of cardiac ischemia, in which the heart muscleis not supplied with enough oxygen-rich blood. Eventually, the heartmuscle enlarges from the additional work it must do in the absence ofsufficient oxygen-rich blood.

As described herein, congenital heart disease refers to a heart-relatedproblem that is present since birth and often as the heart is formingeven before birth. Congenital heart disease may affect the heart, theheart's valves, the veins leading to, or the arteries leading away, fromthe heart, or the connections between these parts of the body.Congenital heart disease can result in the progressive cardiomyopathyand life-threatening electrophysiological disorders that often continuelong after the surgical correction of the structural defects. Certaincongenital heart malformations include septal defects, cardiomyopathy,outflow tract defects, hypoplastic left heart, and associatedarrhythmias.

As described herein, heart failure generally refers to the inability ofthe heart to supply sufficient oxygenated blood to meet the metabolicneeds of the tissues and cells in a subject. This can be accompanied bycirculatory congestion, such as congestion in the pulmonary or systemicveins. As used herein, the term heart failure encompasses heart failurefrom any cause, and is intended herein to encompass terms such as“congestive heart failure,” “forward heart failure,” “backward heartfailure,” “high output heart failure,” “low output heart failure”. SeeBraunwald, Heart Disease: a Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 5thedition 1997, W B Saunders Company, Philadelphia Pa., Chapters 13-17.Conditions that could lead to heart failure include, but are not limitedto, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease or coronary artery disease.

As described herein, cardiac dysfunction is understood to include anyimpairment in the heart's pumping function. This includes, for example,impairments in contractility, impairments in ability to relax (sometimesreferred to as diastolic dysfunction), abnormal or improper functioningof the heart's valves, diseases of the heart muscle (sometimes referredto as cardiomyopathy), diseases such as angina and myocardial ischemiaand infarction characterized by inadequate blood supply to the heartmuscle, infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis and hemochromatosis,global or regional hypertrophy (such as may occur in some kinds ofcardiomyopathy or systemic hypertension), and abnormal communicationsbetween chambers of the heart (for example, atrial septal defect). SeeBraunwald supra.

In certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates use of thesubject compounds (e.g., BMP10 propeptides) in combination with othertherapeutic modalities. Thus, in addition to the therapies describedabove, one may also provide to the patient more “standard”pharmaceutical cardiac therapies. Examples of standard therapiesinclude, without limitation, so-called “beta blockers”,anti-hypertensives, cardiotonics, anti-thrombotics, vasodilators,hormone antagonists, endothelin antagonists, calcium channel blockers,phosphodiesterase inhibitors, angiotensin type 2 antagonists andcytokine blockers/inhibitors. For example, combinatorial therapies maybe achieved by contacting cardiac cells with a single composition orpharmacological formulation that includes both agents, or by contactingthe cell with two distinct compositions or formulations, at the sametime. Alternatively, one agent may precede or follow administration ofthe other agent by intervals ranging from minutes to weeks. Inembodiments where two or more different kinds of therapeutic agents areapplied separately to an individual, one would generally ensure that asignificant period of time did not expire between the time of eachdelivery, such that these different kinds of agents would still be ableto exert an advantageously combined effect on the target tissues orcells.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods andtherapeutic agents, for example, antagonists of BMP10 propeptides. Suchantagonists (inhibitors) of BMP10 propeptides may be used for promotingcardiac tissue growth or regeneration, and thereby for treating heartdamages caused by, for example, myocardial infarction. Examples of theseantagonists of BMP10 propeptides include, but are not limited to,compounds that disrupt interaction between a BMP10 propeptide and itsbinding partner (e.g., a BMP10 mature peptide) and antibodies thatspecifically bind to a BMP10 propeptide.

In certain embodiments, exemplary BMP10-associated conditions mayinclude developmental processes such as the correct formation of variousstructures or in one or more post-developmental capacities includingcreation of bone and cartilage. The role of BMP10 in inducing cartilageand/or bone formation was indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,480.BMP10-associated conditions may also include disorders of cell growthand differentiation such as inflammation, allergy, autoimmune diseases,infectious diseases, and tumors.

In one specific embodiment, the present invention provides methods ofinducing bone and/or cartilage formation, preventing bone loss,increasing bone mineralization or preventing the demineralization ofbone. For example, an antagonist (inhibitor) of BMP10 propeptide of thepresent invention may have an application in treating osteoporosis andthe healing of bone fractures and cartilage defects in humans and otheranimals. The identified compounds (agents) that regulate activity ofBMP10 propeptides may be useful in patients that are diagnosed withsubclinical low bone density, as a protective measure against thedevelopment of osteoporosis.

In another specific embodiment, methods and compositions of the presentinvention may find medical utility in the healing of bone fractures andcartilage defects in humans and other animals. The subject methods andcompositions may also have prophylactic use in closed as well as openfracture reduction and also in the improved fixation of artificialjoints. De novo bone formation induced by an osteogenic agentcontributes to the repair of congenital, trauma-induced, or oncologicresection induced craniofacial defects, and also is useful in cosmeticplastic surgery. Further, methods and compositions of the invention maybe used in the treatment of periodontal disease, and in other toothrepair processes. In certain cases, the subject BMP10 propeptides mayprovide an environment to attract bone-forming cells, stimulate growthof bone-forming cells or induce differentiation of progenitors ofbone-forming cells. BMP10 propeptides of the invention may also beuseful in the treatment of osteoporosis. Further, BMP10 propeptides maybe used in cartilage defect repair and prevention/reversal ofosteoarthritis.

In another specific embodiment, the invention provides a therapeuticmethod and composition for repairing fractures and other conditionsrelated to cartilage and/or bone defects or periodontal diseases. Theinvention further provides therapeutic methods and compositions forwound healing and tissue repair. The types of wounds include, but arenot limited to, burns, incisions and ulcers. See e.g., PCT PublicationNo. WO84/01106. Such compositions comprise a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one of the BMP10 propeptide of the invention inadmixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, carrier or matrix.

7. Pharmaceutical Compositions

In certain embodiments, compounds (e.g., BMP10 propeptides) of thepresent invention are formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. For example, a BMP10 propeptide can be administered alone or asa component of a pharmaceutical formulation (therapeutic composition).The subject compounds may be formulated for administration in anyconvenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic method of the invention includesadministering the composition topically, systemically, or locally as animplant or device. When administered, the therapeutic composition foruse in this invention is, of course, in a pyrogen-free, physiologicallyacceptable form. Further, the composition may desirably be encapsulatedor injected in a viscous form for delivery to the site of bone,cartilage or tissue damage. Topical administration may be suitable forwound healing and tissue repair. Therapeutically useful agents otherthan the BMP10 propeptides which may also optionally be included in thecomposition as described above, may alternatively or additionally, beadministered simultaneously or sequentially with the BMP10 propeptidesin the methods of the invention. Preferably for bone and/or cartilageformation, the composition would include a matrix capable of deliveringthe BMP10 propeptides or other therapeutic compounds to the site of boneand/or cartilage damage, providing a structure for the developing boneand cartilage and optimally capable of being resorbed into the body. Forexample, the matrix may provide slow release of the BMP10 propeptides.Such matrices may be formed of materials presently in use for otherimplanted medical applications.

The choice of matrix material is based on biocompatibility,biodegradability, mechanical properties, cosmetic appearance andinterface properties. The particular application of the subjectcompositions will define the appropriate formulation. Potential matricesfor the compositions may be biodegradable and chemically defined calciumsulfate, tricalciumphosphate, hydroxyapatite, polylactic acid andpolyanhydrides. Other potential materials are biodegradable andbiologically well defined, such as bone or dermal collagen. Furthermatrices are comprised of pure proteins or extracellular matrixcomponents. Other potential matrices are non-biodegradable andchemically defined, such as sintered hydroxyapatite, bioglass,aluminates, or other ceramics. Matrices may be comprised of combinationsof any of the above mentioned types of material, such as polylactic acidand hydroxyapatite or collagen and tricalciumphosphate. The bioceramicsmay be altered in composition, such as in calcium-aluminate-phosphateand processing to alter pore size, particle size, particle shape, andbiodegradability.

In certain embodiments, methods of the invention can be administered fororally, e.g., in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges(using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth),powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous ornon-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquidemulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inertbase, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or asmouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of anagent as an active ingredient. An agent may also be administered as abolus, electuary or paste.

In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills,dragees, powders, granules, and the like), one or more therapeuticcompounds of the present invention may be mixed with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate ordicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers orextenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/orsilicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose,alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3)humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such asagar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid,certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents,such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternaryammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetylalcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin andbentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesiumstearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, andmixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules,tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprisebuffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also beemployed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using suchexcipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weightpolyethylene glycols and the like.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups,and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosageforms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as wateror other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethylalcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzylalcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils(in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, andsesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycolsand fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inertdiluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such aswetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening,flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspendingagents such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylenesorbitol, and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminummetahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixturesthereof.

Certain compositions disclosed herein may be administered topically,either to skin or to mucosal membranes. The topical formulations mayfurther include one or more of the wide variety of agents known to beeffective as skin or stratum corneum penetration enhancers. Examples ofthese are 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide,dimethylformamide, propylene glycol, methyl or isopropyl alcohol,dimethyl sulfoxide, and azone. Additional agents may further be includedto make the formulation cosmetically acceptable. Examples of these arefats, waxes, oils, dyes, fragrances, preservatives, stabilizers, andsurface active agents. Keratolytic agents such as those known in the artmay also be included. Examples are salicylic acid and sulfur.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration includepowders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions,patches, and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterileconditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with anypreservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required. Theointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to a subjectcompound of the invention (e.g., a BMP10 propeptide), excipients, suchas animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch,tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones,bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a subject compound,excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide,calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of thesesubstances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, suchas chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons,such as butane and propane.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions suitable forparenteral administration may comprise one or more BMP10 propeptides incombination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterileisotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions oremulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterileinjectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may containantioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render theformulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient orsuspending or thickening agents. Examples of suitable aqueous andnonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceuticalcompositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such asglycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), andsuitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, andinjectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can bemaintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such aslecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the caseof dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

The compositions of the invention may also contain adjuvants, such aspreservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by theinclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example,paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also bedesirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride,and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption ofthe injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusionof agents which delay absorption, such as aluminum monostearate andgelatin.

It is understood that the dosage regimen will be determined by theattending physician considering various factors which modify the actionof the subject compounds of the invention (e.g., BMP10 propeptides). Thevarious factors include, but are not limited to, amount of bone weightdesired to be formed, the site of bone damage, the condition of thedamaged bone, the size of a wound, type of damaged tissue, the patient'sage, sex, and diet, the severity of any infection, time ofadministration, and other clinical factors. Optionally, the dosage mayvary with the type of matrix used in the reconstitution and the types ofcompounds in the composition. The addition of other known growth factorsto the final composition, may also effect the dosage. Progress can bemonitored by periodic assessment of bone growth and/or repair, forexample, X-rays, histomorphometric determinations, and tetracyclinelabeling.

In certain embodiments of the invention, one or more BMP10 propeptidescan be administered, together (simultaneously) or at different times(sequentially or overlapping). In addition, BMP10 propeptides can beadministered with another type of therapeutic agents, for example, acartilage-inducing agent, a bone-inducing agent, a muscle-inducingagent, or a neuron-inducing agent. The two types of compounds may beadministered simultaneously or at different times. It is expected thatthe BMP10 propeptides of the invention may act in concert with orperhaps synergistically with another therapeutic agent.

For example, a variety of osteogenic, cartilage-inducing andbone-inducing factors have been described, particularly bisphosphonates.See e.g., European Patent Application Nos. 148,155 and 169,016. Forexample, other factors that can be combined with the subject BMP10propeptides include various growth factors such as epidermal growthfactor (EGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growthfactors (TGF-α and TGF-β), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF).

In certain embodiments, the present invention also provides gene therapyfor the in vivo production of BMP10 propeptides. Such therapy wouldachieve its therapeutic effect by introduction of the BMP10 propeptidepolynucleotide sequences into cells or tissues having the disorders aslisted above. Delivery of BMP10 propeptide polynucleotide sequences canbe achieved using a recombinant expression vector such as a chimericvirus or a colloidal dispersion system. Preferred for therapeuticdelivery of BMP10 propeptide polynucleotide sequences is the use oftargeted liposomes.

Various viral vectors which can be utilized for gene therapy as taughtherein include adenovirus, herpes virus, vaccinia, or, preferably, anRNA virus such as a retrovirus. Preferably, the retroviral vector is aderivative of a murine or avian retrovirus. Examples of retroviralvectors in which a single foreign gene can be inserted include, but arenot limited to: Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV), Harvey murinesarcoma virus (HaMuSV), murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), and RousSarcoma Virus (RSV). A number of additional retroviral vectors canincorporate multiple genes. All of these vectors can transfer orincorporate a gene for a selectable marker so that transduced cells canbe identified and generated. Retroviral vectors can be madetarget-specific by attaching, for example, a sugar, a glycolipid, or aprotein. Preferred targeting is accomplished by using an antibody. Thoseof skill in the art will recognize that specific polynucleotidesequences can be inserted into the retroviral genome or attached to aviral envelope to allow target specific delivery of the retroviralvector containing the BMP10 propeptide polynucleotide. In one preferredembodiment, the vector is targeted to cardiac cells/tissues.

Alternatively, tissue culture cells can be directly transfected withplasmids encoding the retroviral structural genes gag, pol and env, byconventional calcium phosphate transfection. These cells are thentransfected with the vector plasmid containing the genes of interest.The resulting cells release the retroviral vector into the culturemedium.

Another targeted delivery system for BMP10 propeptide polynucleotide isa colloidal dispersion system. Colloidal dispersion systems includemacromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, andlipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixedmicelles, and liposomes. The preferred colloidal system of thisinvention is a liposome. Liposomes are artificial membrane vesicleswhich are useful as delivery vehicles in vitro and in vivo. RNA, DNA andintact virions can be encapsulated within the aqueous interior and bedelivered to cells in a biologically active form (see e.g., Fraley, etal., Trends Biochem. Sci., 6:77, 1981). Methods for efficient genetransfer using a liposome vehicle, are known in the art, see e.g.,Mannino, et al., Biotechniques, 6:682, 1988. The composition of theliposome is usually a combination of phospholipids, usually incombination with steroids, especially cholesterol. Other phospholipidsor other lipids may also be used. The physical characteristics ofliposomes depend on pH, ionic strength, and the presence of divalentcations.

Examples of lipids useful in liposome production include phosphatidylcompounds, such as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine,phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids,cerebrosides, and gangliosides. Illustrative phospholipids include eggphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, anddistearoylphosphatidylcholine. The targeting of liposomes is alsopossible based on, for example, organ-specificity, cell-specificity, andorganelle-specificity and is known in the art.

EXEMPLIFICATION

The invention now being generally described, it will be more readilyunderstood by reference to the following examples, which are includedmerely for purposes of illustration of certain embodiments andembodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit theinvention.

Example 1 Mature BMP-10 Binds to BMP-10 Propeptide

BMP-10 propeptide was immobilized on a BiaCore™ chip. The chip wasexposed to conditioned media from cells expressing (upper curve) or notexpressing (lower curve) BMP10. Significant binding activity wasobserved in the conditioned media from cells expressing BMP-10,indicating that BMP-10 propeptide binds to the mature portion.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated byreference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patentwas specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated byreference.

While specific embodiments of the subject matter have been discussed,the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Manyvariations will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reviewof this specification and the claims below. The full scope of theinvention should be determined by reference to the claims, along withtheir full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with suchvariations.

1. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising: a) a polypeptide comprisinga variant BMP10 propeptide; and b) a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, wherein the variant BMP10 propeptide comprises a sequencealteration that decreases proteolytic cleavage of the variant relativeto the naturally occurring BMP10 propeptide and has an amino acidsequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, and wherein said variant BMP10 propeptide has one or more of thefollowing characteristics: i) binds to mature BMP10 with a Kd of atleast 10⁻⁵M; and ii) inhibits BMP10 signaling in a cell.
 2. Thepharmaceutical preparation of claim 1, wherein the variant BMP10propeptide contains no more than 20 contiguous amino acids of a matureportion of a BMP10 polypeptide.
 3. The pharmaceutical preparation ofclaim 1, wherein the variant BMP10 propeptide comprises an alteration inthe amino acid sequence that alters glycosylation of the polypeptidewhen produced in a mammalian cell.
 4. The pharmaceutical preparation ofclaim 1, wherein said variant BMP10 propeptide is a fusion proteinincluding, in addition to said variant BMP10 propeptide domain, one ormore polypeptide portions that enhance one or more of in vivo stability,in vivo half life, uptake/administration, tissue localization ordistribution, formation of protein complexes, and/or purification. 5.The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 4, wherein said fusion proteinincludes a polypeptide portion selected from the group consisting of: animmunoglobulin Fc domain and a serum albumin.
 6. The pharmaceuticalpreparation of claim 4, wherein said fusion protein includes apurification subsequence selected from: an epitope tag, a FLAG tag, apolyhistidine sequence, and a GST fusion.
 7. The pharmaceuticalpreparation of claim 1, wherein said variant BMP10 propeptide includesone or more modified amino acid residues selected from: a glycosylatedamino acid, a PEGylated amino acid, a farnesylated amino acid, anacetylated amino acid, a biotinylated amino acid, an amino acidconjugated to a lipid moiety, and an amino acid conjugated to an organicderivatizing agent.
 8. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 1,wherein said preparation is substantially pyrogen free.
 9. Thepharmaceutical preparation of claim 1, wherein the variant BMP10propeptide binds to a mature BMP10 polypeptide with a Kd of less than 1micromolar.
 10. A BMP10 propeptide fusion protein comprising: a variantBMP10 propeptide and a second portion; wherein the variant BMP10propeptide comprises a sequence alteration that decreases proteolyticcleavage of the variant relative to the naturally occurring BMP10propeptide and has an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein said variant BMP10propeptide has one or more of the following characteristics: i) binds tomature BMP10 with a Kd of at least 10⁻⁵M; and ii) inhibits BMP10signaling in a cell.
 11. The BMP10 propeptide fusion protein of claim10, wherein the variant BMP10 propeptide contains no more than 20contiguous amino acids of a mature portion of a BMP10 polypeptide. 12.The BMP10 propeptide fusion protein of claim 10, wherein the secondportion is a polypeptide covalently fused to the variant BMP10propeptide.
 13. The BMP10 propeptide fusion protein of claim 10, whereinthe second portion is a polypeptide fused to the carboxyl terminus ofthe variant BMP10 propeptide.
 14. The BMP10 propeptide fusion protein ofclaim 10, wherein the second portion is selected from the groupconsisting of: serum albumin and an IgG Fc domain.
 15. The BMP10propeptide fusion protein of claim 10, wherein the second portion is anon-amino acid moiety.
 16. The stabilized BMP10 propeptide fusionprotein of claim 10, wherein the second portion comprises polyethyleneglycol.
 17. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a coding sequence fora polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a) a polypeptidecomprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 andcontaining no more than 20 amino acids of a mature portion of a BMP10polypeptide; b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-2and containing no more than 20 amino acids of a mature portion of aBMP10 polypeptide; and c) a polypeptide comprising at least 10consecutive amino acids selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-2 and contains nomore than 20 amino acids of a mature portion of a BMP10 polypeptide;wherein said isolated polynucleotide encodes a BMP10 propeptide havingone or more of the following characteristics: i) binds to mature BMP10with a Kd of at least 10⁻⁵M; and ii) inhibits BMP10 signaling in a cell.18. An isolated polynucleotide, comprising: a) a sequence encoding aBMP10 propeptide; b) a stop codon; and c) a sequence that is at least90% identical to a sequence encoding a mature BMP10 polypeptide; whereinthe stop codon is positioned between the sequence of (a) and thesequence of (c) or within the sequence of (c).
 19. An isolatedpolynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, said isolated polynucleotidealtered to include a transcription termination codon at least threehundred nucleotides before the 3′-terminus.
 20. A method of making aBMP10 propeptide comprising: a) culturing a cell under conditionssuitable for expression of the propeptide, wherein said cell istransformed with a recombinant polynucleotide of claim 17; and b)recovering the propeptide so expressed.
 21. A method for treating asubject having a heart disorder, comprising administering to a subjectin need thereof an effective amount of a composition or a moleculecomprising a BMP10 propeptide.
 22. A method for inhibiting cardiomyocytegrowth comprising exposing a cardiomyocyte to an effective amount of aBMP10 propeptide.
 23. A method for treating a subject having a disorderassociated with abnormal cell growth and differentiation, comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a BMP10 propeptide.24. A method of identifying an agent that modulates cardiomyocyteproliferation, comprising a) identifying a test agent that binds amature portion of BMP10 competitively with a BMP10 propeptide; and b)evaluating the effect of the agent on cardiomyocyte proliferation.
 25. Amethod of antagonizing BMP10 activity in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal a BMP10 propeptide.
 26. An isolatedmonoclonal antibody that binds to a mature BMP10 peptide and competeswith BMP10 propeptide for binding to the mature BMP10.
 27. The antibodyof claim 26, wherein the mature BMP10 peptide consists of the sequenceof amino acids 317-424 of SEQ ID NO:
 3. 28. The antibody of claim 26,wherein the antibody is a humanized or fully human antibody.
 29. Apharmaceutical preparation comprising an antibody of claim 26.